Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders - 2072 Words

Anxiety disorders are associated with significant distress, reduced quality of life as well as mental internal complications with ones self. Most people know what its like to have had that anxious feeling of butterflies, first day jitters or even the feeling of fear. However having an anxiety disorder doesn t necessarily compare to those â€Å"butterflies†. Anxiety disorders are serious mental illnesses that can keep one from coping, and disrupt the lives of people living with a constant fear worry and doubt. Anxiety is the most common in mental/emotional disorders. When untreated, anxiety can push people into avoiding simple day to day interactions and encounters, that can possibly trigger and worsen their anxiety. The severity of anxiety†¦show more content†¦Often times about one-third of people with PD, allow the disorder to restrict and control their lives that later turns into the condition called agoraphobia. Although, early treatment of a panic disorder can often stop the progression to agoraphobia. PD is characterized by the unexpected occurrence of panic attacks which is the frequency of variations of Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling or shaking, derealization or depersonalization (feeling detached from oneself), Chest pain or discomfort, feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint, Fear of losing control, dying or losing ones mental state. However panic attacks have not always been recognized as an exclusive psychiatric mental condition. When a panic attack is in occurrence, patients have the urge to escape and have a sense of impending misery (as though they are losing their mind, dying from a heart attack or suffocation). Other panic disorder symptoms may include headache, cold hands, diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, intrusive thoughts, and rumination. A panic disorder can significantly hinder a patience lifestyle. People with PD face possible difficulty in employment, depression and ar e not able to handle independence. Which may mean needing to be chaperoned when facing large crowds, including doing simple things like public transportation.{The American Psychiatric Association (1994)}

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Comparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and...

Comparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman The tragedies Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman have strikingly different plots and characters; however, each play shares common elements in its resolution. The events in the plays’ closings derive from a tragic flaw possessed by the protagonist in each play. The downfall of each protagonist is caused by his inability to effectively cope with his tragic flaw. The various similarities in the closing of each play include elements of the plot, the reflection of other characters on the misfortune of the tragic hero, and expression of important themes through the dialogue of the characters. The protagonists of Hamlet, Oedipus the King,†¦show more content†¦However, Happy – Willy’s neglected son – decides to follow in Willy’s footsteps. Biff abandons Willy’s dreams so that he can avoid the same mistakes that beset his father. A common element between Oedipus the King and Death of a Salesman was disillusionment of the tragic hero. Oedipus was ignorant of his true identity and his false notions about his life were affirmed by his belief in his own infallibility. However, his realization of his identity at the end of the play was the cause of his downfall. Willy Loman was crippled by his expectations of prosperity and success. His tragic fall was partially caused by his understanding that his illusions of grandeur would not come to fruition. The closings of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman provide insight into the thoughts of characters regarding the tragic hero and intimate major themes through the dialogue of the characters. In Oedipus the King, Creon reveals his apathy towards Oedipus by saying, â€Å"Command no more. Obey. Your rule is ended† (68). The Chorus declares that misfortune can occur to even the greatest of men and that no mortal can experience true happiness until death brings freedom from the troubles of life. The Greek belief that it is futile for one to attempt to escape his fate is expressed. In Hamlet, the death of Hamlet is honorable in comparison to the shameful exile of Oedipus. Horatio respects Hamlet’s request to tell his tragic story toShow MoreRelatedEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 375 SKILL LEARNING 376 Interpersonal Conflict Management 376 Mixed Feelings About Conflict 376 Diagnosing the Type of Interpersonal Conflict 378 Conflict Focus 378 Conflict Source 380 Selecting the Appropriate Conflict Management Approach 383 Comparing Conflict Management and Negotiation Strategies 386 Selection Factors 386 Resolving Interpersonal Confrontations Using the Collaborative Approach A General Framework for Collaborative Problem Solving 391 The Four Phases of Collaborative Problem Solving

Monday, December 9, 2019

Drinking and Driving Offenses Essay Example For Students

Drinking and Driving Offenses Essay My essay is on Drinking and Driving Offences. In my essa y I will tell you thevarious kinds of drinking and driving offences, the penalties, and the defencesyou can make if you are caught drinking and drivi ng. Let me tell you about the different offences. There are si x offences indrinking and driving. They are driving while impaired, Havi ng care andcontrol of a vehicle while impaired, Driving while exceeding 80 m.g., Havingcare and control of a vehicle while exceeding 80 m.g., R efusing to give abreath sample, and refusing to submit to a roadside sc reen test. These are all Criminal Code Offences. Now lets talk about the penalties of drinking and driving. The sentence forrefusing to give a breath sample is usually higher than either of theexceeding 80 m.g. offences. Consequently it is us ually easier in the long runfor you to give a breath sample if asked. If, for example you are convicted ofRefusing ato give a breath sample f or the first time, but was earlierconvicted of Driving while impaired, your conviction for Refusing will countas a second conviction, not a first, and will receive the stiffer penalty forsecond offences. For the first offence here is the penalty and the defences you can make. Drivinga vehicle while your ability to drive is impaired by alcohol or drugs is one ofthe offences. Evidence of your condition can be used to convict you. This caninclude evidence of your general conduct , speech, ability to walk a straightline or pick up objects. The penalty o f the first offences is a fine of $50.00to $2000.00 and/or imprisonment of up to six months, and automatic suspension oflicence for 3 months. The second offence penalty is imprisonment for 14 days to1 year and automati c suspen-sion of licence for 6 months. The third offencepenalty is impris onment for 3 months to 2 years (or more) and automaticsuspension of lice nce for six months. These penalties are the same for thefollowing offenc es. Having Care and Control of a Motor Vehicle while Impaired is another offence. Having care and control of a vehicle does not require that you are driving it. Occupying the drivers seat, even if you did not have the keys, is sufficient. Walking towards the car with the keys could be suffi-cient. Some defences areyou were not impaired, or you did not hav e care and control because you werenot in the drivers seat, did not have th e keys, etc. It is not a defence thatyou registered below 80 m.g. on the breath-ayzer test. Having care and controldepends on all circumstances. Driving While Exceeding 80 m.g. is the next offence. Driving a vehicle, havingconsumed alcohol in such a quantity that the propo rtion of alcohol in yourblood exceeds 80 miligrams of alcohol in 100 mi lilitres of blood. Some defencesare the test was administered improperly, or the breathalyzer machine was notfunctioning properly. Having Care and control of a Motor Vehicle while Exceedin g 80 m.g. is thenext offence I will talk about. This offence means having care and control of avehicle whether it is in motion or not, having consum ed alcohol in such aquantity that the proportion of alcohol in your blood ex ceeds 80 miligrams ofalcohol in 100 mililitres of blood. The defences are the test was administeredimproperly, or the breathalyzer machine was not f unctioning properly. To defendagainst breathalyzer evidence you must unders tand how the test should beadministered. The proper procedure for a breat halyzer test is as follows. .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 , .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .postImageUrl , .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 , .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:hover , .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:visited , .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:active { border:0!important; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:active , .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101 .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c214413a3f80e930e6e4dad914f8101:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Art And Science Of Teaching EssayWarming up the machine until the thermometer registers 50 degrees centigrade. This should take at least 10 minutes. The machine should then be turned to zero(by using the adjust zero control) and a comparison ampoulel (of normal air)inserted. if the metre remains at zero, the test can proceed. An ampoule with astandard solution is then inserted. If the metre reads high or low by more than . 02% on two successive tests, the machine should not be used. If the trial isvalid, the machin e should be flushed with room air and the pointer set at start. You will t hen be asked to provide two breath samples, about fifteen minutesapart. Normally they will take the result of the lowest result and use it asevide nce

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Macbeth Murder Essays - English-language Films, British Films

Macbeth Murder A "ravell'd sleave" is a tangled skein of thread or yarn. Macbeth uses it as a metaphor for the kind of frustration we experience when we have so many problems that we can't see the end to any of them. In such a case, we often say that we want to "sleep on it" in order to get everything straight. Macbeth also compares sleep to a soothing bath after a day of hard work, and to the main course of a feast. To Macbeth, sleep is not only a necessity of life, but something that makes life worth living, and he feels that when he murdered his King in his sleep, he murdered sleep itself. [Scene Summary] According to Macbeth's Porter--who is still a buzzy from a night of partying--sleep is one of the side effects of drink, which causes "nose-painting, sleep, and urine" (2.3.28-29). The Porter also equates sleep with impossible dreams. He says that drink makes a man horny but unable to do anything about it, so that he can only dream of having sex: Drink "equivocates him in a sleep, and, giving him the lie, leaves him. (2.3.35-36). Later in the same scene, after Macduff has discovered the bloody body of King Duncan, he calls upon Banquo and the King's sons to awake, to "Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit, / And look on death itself!" (2.3.76-77). Macduff means that although sleep and death may look similar, real sleep is "downy" and comforting, while real death is a horror. When Macduff rings an alarm bell, Lady Macbeth enters, asking "What's the business, / That such a hideous trumpet calls to parley / The sleepers of the house?" (2.3.81-83). Her words should remind us that most of the people on stage look as if they have just been awakened from deep sleep. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth certainly appear in their nightclothes, because they want everyone to think they've been sleeping. In addition, the rest of those who are sleeping in Macbeth's castle -- Banquo, Malcolm, Donalbain, and Ross -- must appear in their nightclothes, too. This is clearly implied when Banquo proposes that they hold a meeting, "when we have our naked frailties hid, / That suffer in exposure" (2.3.126-127). Macbeth has indeed murdered sleep.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

The length of Pencil lead affect Its Resistance Essay Example

The length of Pencil lead affect Its Resistance Essay Example The length of Pencil lead affect Its Resistance Paper The length of Pencil lead affect Its Resistance Paper Aim: The aim of this piece of course work is to find out how does the resistance of a pencil lead changes as I increase its length. And to find out what is the relationship between the length of a pencil lead and its resistance. Safety: Safety is a very important thing to consider as we doing a scientific experiment, so is this experiment. For make sure there will not be any accident as I doing this experiment, I will do the following things. 1, I will make sure I had set up the right electrical circuit before I let the electricity run through the circuit, to prevent the short circuit. 2, I will add a switch in the circuit, so that will prevent the lead get too hot to handle and to prevent the battery wasting. 3, I will be careful when I am holding the pencil lead because it would burning your skin if it got to hot. Fair Test: I will try to make this experiment as fair as I can, therefore I would be able to get some reliable results. To make this experiment be a fair experiment, I will do the following things. 1, I will put all my experimental equipments in the box, so that I can use the same equipments every time, such as battery packs and pencil lead. 2, I will do the same thing three times, and I will make sure that I finish every time I started because it would be some physical changing to the equipments if I left them there. Apparatus: For this experiment, I need a battery pack (4 batteries), a switch, and a set of wires, an ammeter, a voltmeter, 2 crocodile clips and a pencil lead. Method: I have chosen this method for this experiment because I think it is a fair and safe way to carry out the experiment. Firstly, the circuit will be set up in a right way as the graph (G1) was shown below, and I will check it before I start the experiment. I will make sure set the ammeter in a series circuit and voltmeter in a parallel circuit, I do this is because the scientific knowledge that is the voltmeters resistance is too big to allow the electricity pass through. Secondly, the pencil lead has 15 marks on it and each 1cm apart, I will start the experiment with the 15cm far between two crocodiles, and the distance between two crocodiles will be decreased 1cm each time the reading was taken until they are 1cm apart. I will take the reading of current (amps) and the voltage (volts) each time because the resistance could be calculated out by those two. (Resistance x Current = Voltage) Thirdly, I will take all my results in two decimal places to make the results as accuracy as possible. Finally, I will carry out this experiment 3 times and find the average resistance at last, so that the results I got would be fairly accurate, and it makes this experiment pretty fair as well. Prediction: I predict that the length of pencil lead will be directly proportional to its resistance, which means the longer the lead have the bigger resistance. This should produce a straight-line graph where resistance doubles when length doubles (see following page). I predict this because the resistance in a conductor is due to collisions between electrons and the particles of the conductor, therefore a piece of lead twice as long as another will have twice the number of particles and the probability for collisions will consequently be double, meaning double the resistance. This is what I predict the shape of the graph will look like: Analysing and Concluding: The graph 1 shows the length of pencil lead against its resistance. My results did not reflect my prediction perfectly well, it shows that they have the directly proportional to each other but it did not show the double length have double resistance. The line has crossed y-axis at 3. 9263 that is not right because it should be crossed it at 0. I have found out the equation of my line which is y=1. 0295x+3. 9263 by mathematical method, I should get the equation y=x but I actually got the plus-3. 9263. This is the reason why my line crossed y-axis at point 3. 9263, then I minus every average resistance by 3. 9263 and I have drawn another graph 2 of those results. It gave me a perfect line that started from point 0 of y-axis, and shows that the double length has double resistance, such as the resistance is 3. 4 ohms when the length is 4cm, and the resistance changes to 7. 6 ohms when the length changed to 8cm. These results are pretty accurate and proved that my prediction was right. I think the reason of the 3. 9263 exists is because of the extra resistance in my circuit, such as wires and ammeter even though there resistance is not that much. However, my graph has shown that the proportionality between the length of it and resistance. The interesting thing was that the lead would get very hot if the distance between two crocodile clips very short, I think it is because the particles collisions, which related to my scientific explanation in the planning. I could work out the resistivity of the pencil lead by this equation- R x A=P x L (R: resistance, A: area, P: resistivity, L: length). (This secondary source is come from the Advancing Physics AS textbook) Evaluation: This experiment was done well and the aim was achieved, I have got my results but they are not perfectly accurate, and I had explained the reasons in my analysing section. However, I think the method I chosen was still a good and fair method to do this experiment. My results were not far away from the line of best fit and I have drawn the perfect graph in the analysing section, anyway, this does affect my confidence when I am making my conclusion. There still were some anomalous results that were shown on my graph, they did not fit the line quite well. I think this is because I did not wait for the pencil lead cooled down each time after I had done one experiment, because I do not have enough time to carry out the whole experiment once. I think this is the main reason caused those anomalous results, because apparently the temperature is directly proportional to the graphites (the material of pencil lead) resistance. To improve my method to get more reliable results, I will do the following things. Firstly, I will choose something else to instead of crocodile clips, which have more contacting area with the lead; therefore it will allow the electricity passed more easily. Secondly, I will carry out this experiment more time and I will finish all the experiments at the same time, which means I will not do the whole experiment separately. To extend this experiment, I will do the following steps. Firstly, I would choose the other compositions of the pencil lead to investigate, such as 2B, 4B or 6B. Secondly, I would try to find out how does the thickness of the pencil lead affect its resistance. Thirdly, I could investigate the relationship between the temperature of the pencil lead and its resistance. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Cuneiform - Mesopotamian Writing in Wedges

Cuneiform - Mesopotamian Writing in Wedges Cuneiform, one of the earliest forms of writing, was developed from Proto-Cuneiform in Uruk, Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. The word comes from the Latin, meaning wedge-shaped; we dont know what the script was actually called by its users. Cuneiform is a syllabary, a writing system used to stand for syllables or sounds in a variety of Mesopotamian languages.   According to illustrations included in Neo-Assyrian sculptural reliefs, the triangular symbols of cuneiform were created with wedge-shaped styluses made from the giant cane (Arundo donax) a reed widely available in Mesopotamia, or carved from bone or formed from metal. A cuneiform scribe held the stylus between his thumb and other fingers and pressed the wedge-shaped end into small soft clay tablets held in his other hand. Such tablets were then fired, some intentionally but often accidentally- fortunately for scholars, many cuneiform tablets were not meant for posterity. Cuneiform used for keeping momentous historical records was sometimes chiseled into stone. Decipherment Cracking the cuneiform script was a puzzle for centuries, the solution for which was attempted by numerous scholars. A few major breakthroughs in the 18th and 19th centuries led to its eventual decipherment. The Danish king Frederik V (1746-1766) sent six men to the Arab world to answer scientific and natural history questions and learn the customs. The Royal Danish Arabia Expedition (1761-1767) was comprised of a natural historian, a philologist, a doctor, a painter, a cartographer, and an orderly. Only the cartographer Carsten Niebuhr [1733-1815] survived. In his book Travels Through Arabia, published in 1792, Niebuhr describes a visit to Persepolis where he made copies of the cuneiform inscriptions.Next came philologist Georg Grotefend [1775-1853], who deciphered but didnt claim to translate the Old Persian cuneiform scripts. The Anglo-Irish clergyman Edward Hincks [1792-1866] worked on translations during this period.The most important step was when Henry Creswicke Rawlinson [1810-1895] scaled the steep limestone cliff above the Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Persia to copy the Behistun inscription. This inscription was from the Persian king Darius I (522-486 BC) who had the same t ext bragging about his exploits inscribed in cuneiform in three different languages (Akkadian, Elamite, and Old Persian). Old Persian had already been deciphered when Rawlinson climbed the cliff, allowing him to translate the other languages. Finally, Hincks and Rawlinson worked on another important cuneiform document, the Black Obelisk, a Neo-Assyrian black limestone bas-relief from Nimrud (today in the British Museum) referring to the deeds and military conquests of Shalmaneser III (858-824 BC). By the end of the 1850s together these men were able to read cuneiform. Cuneiform Letters Cuneiform writing as an early language doesnt have the rules about placement and order as our modern languages do. Individual letters and numbers in cuneiform differ in placement and position: the characters can be arranged in different directions around lines and dividers. Lines of text can be horizontal or vertical, parallel, perpendicular, or oblique; they can be inscribed written beginning from the left or from the right. Depending on the steadiness of the hand of the scribe, the wedge shapes may be small or elongated, oblique or straight. Each given symbol in cuneiform could represent a single sound or syllable. For example, according to Windfuhr there are 30 Ugaritic word-related symbols that are made anywhere from 1-7 wedge shapes, while Old Persian had 36 phonic signs made with 1-5 wedges. The Babylonian language used over 500 cuneiform symbols. Using Cuneiform Originally created to communicate in Sumerian, cuneiform proved very useful for the Mesopotamians, and by 2000 BC, the characters were used to write other languages used throughout the region including Akkadian, Hurrian, Elamite, and Urartian. In time the consonantal script of Akkadian replaced cuneiform; the last known example of the use of cuneiform dates to the first century AD. Cuneiform was written by usually anonymous palace and temple scribes, known as dubsars in early Sumerian, and umbisag or tupsarru (tablet writer) in Akkadian. Although its earliest use was for accounting purposes, cuneiform was also used for historical records such as the Behistun inscription, legal records including the Code of Hammurabi, and poetry like the  Epic of Gilgamesh. Cuneiform was also used for administrative records, accounting, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, medicine, divination, and literary texts, including mythology, religion, proverbs, and folk literature. Sources The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative is an excellent source of information, including a sign list for cuneiform written between 3300-2000 BC. This entry was updated by N.S. Gill Cathcart KJ. 2011. The earliest contributions to the decipherment of Sumerian and Akkadian. Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2011(001).Couture P. 1984. BA Portrait: Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson: Pioneer Cuneiformist. The Biblical Archaeologist 47(3):143-145.Garbutt D. 1984. The significance of ancient Mesopotamia in accounting history. The Accounting Historians Journal 11(1): 83-101.Lucas CJ. 1979. The Scribal Tablet-House in Ancient Mesopotamia. History of Education Quarterly 19(3): 305-32.Oppenheim AL 1975. The Position of the Intellectual in Mesopotamian Society. Daedalus 104(2):37-46.Schmandt-Besserat D. 1981. Decipherment of the Earliest Tablets. Science 211(4479)283-285.Schmitt R. 1993. Cuneiform Script. Encyclopedia Iranica VI(5):456-462.Windfuhr G. 1970. The Cuneiform Signs of Ugarit. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 29(1):48-51.Windfuhr G. 1970. Notes on the old Persian signs. Indo-Iranian Journal 12(2):121-125.Goren Y, Bunimovitz S, Finkelstein I, and Nadav Na. 2003. The l ocation of Alashiya: New evidence from petrographic investigation of Alashiyan Tablets. American Journal of Archaeology 107(2):233-255.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Consequences and Implications of Afghanistan Assisting Baluch Research Paper

Consequences and Implications of Afghanistan Assisting Baluch Seperatists - Research Paper Example Still, there are multiple issues between the two countries, like Durand Line, the present war in Afghanistan, Taliban, the legacy of Soviet invasions and the issues pertaining to Baluchistan and Pashtunistan, which are impacting the relationships between the two nations. Pakistan has time and again objected to assistance being extended by Afghanistan to the Baluch separatists. It goes without saying that if the perception regarding the Afghan assistance to Baluch separatists continues to exist; this could have multiple consequences for the already unstable state of Afghanistan. Afghanistan shares multiple historical and economic continuities and discontinuities with Pakistan in a long term perspective. Existing Issues between Pakistan and Afghanistan The Durand Line established in 1893 as per an agreement between the British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan is a bone of contention between Pakistan and Afghanistan (Banuazizi & Weiner 6). Pakistan inherited the demarcation of the spher e of influence by the Durand Line, after its partition from India in 1947. As per the Afghan government, it still refuses to accept the Durand Line as a true arbitrator of the sphere of influence between the two nations (Roberts 168). ... There does not lay any formal agreement for the ratification of the Durand Line between the two countries (Burki 198). The relations between the two Islamic nations continue to be strained because it is a firm belief of the Afghan authorities that Pakistan tends to exert a negative influence on Afghanistan (Campbell 65). Afghanistan has time and again blamed the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of meddling in the internal affairs of Afghanistan by supporting and arming the Taliban and other militant groups (Crews & Tarzi 69). Pakistan has continually denied these allegations by offering the excuse that the Pak military and intelligence has never tried to destabilize Afghanistan and it is primarily the non-state actors in Pakistan that support and arm the militant groups operating in Afghanistan. With the augmenting support of the United States regarding an Afghan led invasion of the militant tribes on the Pak-Afghan borders, the relationships between th e two nations have further got strained. Afghanistan plays an important strategic role as far as the Pakistani strategy in response to any future conflict with India is concerned (Baxter & Kennedy 54). It is a firm belief of the Pakistani strategists that in the event of a war with India, it would be pragmatic to shift the Pakistani supply lines in Afghanistan, so as to prepare for a counter offensive against India. Many Pakistanis support these envisaged strategic ties considering the religious, cultural, historical, linguistic and ethnic bonds between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan has continued to exercise an important role in the regime shifts in Afghanistan in the past. Pakistan supported the Mujahedeen offensive against the Russians, the internal

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Biostatistics. Advantages of a randomized controlled trial over a Essay

Biostatistics. Advantages of a randomized controlled trial over a trial with systematic allocation - Essay Example Random controlled trials are experimental set ups with treatment and control groups, and elements of a study’s sample space have an equal probability of selection and allocation to either the treatment of control group. Systematic sampling however follows a defined approach with unequal probability for each sample space elements. One of the advantages of randomized control trials over systematic allocation is its ability to eliminate bias. Researchers and participants in randomized controlled trials lack influence of sample selection and allocation to either of the experimental groups and this eliminates chances of sampling bias. Eliminated bias in the randomized trials has significant effects on research processes such as enhanced reliability and validity which systematic allocation into biased sample may compromise (Miller, Strang and Miller 2010, p. 38). Randomized controlled trials also offer higher probability of homogeneity of background information on research participants within control and treatment groups as compared to systematic allocation that may have a set of background characteristics in one group and generate another group with different background characteristics. Such variations may result from bias, challenge comparability of observations from a study’s group, and identifies systematic allocations with validity and reliability challenges. Randomized controlled trials also have the advantage of probability sampling basis, which offers validity to data analysis, over the non-probability based systematic sampling (Friedman, Furberg and DeMets 2010, p. 71-72). Lack of a standard approach to systematic allocation also identifies benefit of randomized trials because variation in sampling criteria may be formulated to achieve bias and periodic sampling is an example (Miller, Strang and Miller 2010, p. 38). Variable data type and justification Number of adverse events Number of adverse events is a quantitative variable because it assumes numeric values. It can further be classified as discrete quantitative variable because it can only assume positive whole numbers (Weiers 2010, p. 8). Air blast sensitivity Air blast sensitivity, based on applied scale in the study, is a quantitative variable because of its numeric value on an ordinal scale that further classifies it as a discrete quantitative variable (Weiers 2010, p. 8; Neuhaus et al. 2013, p. 352). Tactile hypersensitivity Tactile hypersensitivity, based on the research, is a qualitative variable because it lacks numeric values. Its values are either yes or no and are further subjective, sub ject to study participants’ judgment (Weiers 2010, p. 8; Neuhaus et al. 2013, p. 352). Age Age is a quantitative variable because it assumes a numeric values and can further be categorized as a continuous quantitative variable because of its scope that can assume unlimited range of non-negative real numbers (Weiers 2010, p. 8). Gender Gender is a qualitative variable because it lacks numerical value (Weiers 2010, p. 8). Question 2 Graphical summary of the mean tactile sensitivity and variability The table bellow summarizes the mean and standard, for variability, for the tactile sensitivity values across the three groups at the end of 28 days. Table 1: Mean and standard deviation after 28 days Treatment Mean Standard deviation test A 21.48 11.86 Test B 20.58 11.32 Control 11.77 5.95 This data can be presented in graphical form as follows. Graph 1: Graph of mean and standard deviation after 28 days Interpretation of the sample mean and standard deviation of each group Mean of t est group A indicates that each of the group subjects is expected to have an average score of 21.48. The group’s standard deviation, 11.48, defines the mean deviation of each of the group’s scores from the group’s mean. Mean for the test group B shows that members reported an average score of 20.58 and the standard deviation

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Evolution of building materials Essay Example for Free

Evolution of building materials Essay In chapter 12 we explore the artistic development in Architecture. When conceptualizing a building architects incorporate three things: function, form, and structure. Function is how the building will be used, form is how the building looks, and structures is how the building remains standing. Architects need to design structures that hold up under any combination of three physical forces; compression, tension, and bending. To days architects have a plethora of materials at their isposal, they benefit from the evolution of materials and have the opportunity to use them how they wish, but it has not always been this way. Primitive buildings were built using dry masonry, which is a simple technique of stacking stones in a consistent pattern without using any mortar. Buildings such as the Great Pyramids of Egypt, and the Great Zimbabwe(190) in East Africa are perfect examples of this type of masonry. In both of these structures the stones are dressed meaning they are cut or shaped before use. Post and beam and arch structure systems were used predominately before the wentieth century, in places like Greece, Rome, and Egypt. The form on post-and- beam structures has to due with the materials used. Stone beams have to be shorter and thicker because stone is brittle and not flexible. Wood however is more flexible so they can be thiner and longer in turn they can be use to create a more open interior space. Arch structure uses stone in a semi-circle atop two columns or piers, bigger versions of columns, creating a Round Arch. There is a stone placed center that hold the arch together known as a keystone. When a round arc is extend in a epth dimension, the effect is known as a Barrel Vault. When two Barrel Vaults intersect the point of intersection creates a Groin Vault. These types of structures were used by early civilizations of western Asia and the Mediterranean area for underground drains and tombs. Romans were the first to use the technique aboveground and there were able to use it to build things like the Roman Coliseum and the Pont du Gard(192), the aqueduct, which was both a bridges for travel as well as a bridge for water. When an arch is rotated 180 degrees it forms a dome, that is sed in to create huge interior space. Gothic style architecture introduced a new type of arch, a pointed arch which allowed for wider bases and a more pointed arc, but is uses no keystone. The absence of the keystone creates a weak structure that could not hold up under the tension force. The create the flying buttress, which is a support placed at a 90 degree angle to the arch and holds the structure in place. The next major step in the evolution of Architecture was truss and balloon frame architecture. Trusses are triangular framework use to span air support, such as a russ of house roof, or one used as a side of a bridge. Balloon framing refers to the use the replacement of thick timbers with thin studs held together by only nails, at first though of as flimsy and weak, but is used today in housing development. The evolution ot metals in the architectural world nave been immense. T development of cast iron allowed for buildings to be put up very quickly, because it is stinger that wood or stone and can span greater distances, The Crystal Place was built in only six months and covered 19 acres of land, it was a marvel of the building world. Next Came Steel and reinforced concrete buildings. The strength of steel frames and the recent invention of the elevator allowed for the first conceptualized and built skyscrapers. This resulted in the International Style meaning the use of modern material like glass, steel, and concrete to create these types of structures. Domino Construction System, were six supports made of steel are placed in concrete slabs, alleviates the need for support walls, opening the door to building for rooms for how they need to be used, and the ability to make walls almost completely out of lass known as curtain walls. Carbon fiber is the latest material to surface, not yet used for building, it is extremely light, and very strong. Architects are now conceptualizing how they might be able to use this material in the future. Carbon fiber has the potential to revolutionize the building world. Many building now days are trying to reach a harmony with nature in both design and energy efficiency. Buildings like Guggenheim Museum Bilbao(200) are putting in to practice the ever changing face of nature in the design of the buildings. Green uildings are springing up everywhere either new construction or renovating existing buildings to make them energy efficient and revolutionary at the same time. They evolution of building materials and design allow for architects of today the opportunity to implement beauty in their designs. The ability to incorporate any material from stone steel and glass concrete and wood into a building has resulted in some of the worlds most beautiful and elegant structures dating back to completely stone building, to todays hi rise structures, architecture is a beautiful thing.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Domestic Violence Amd Women :: Violence Against Women Essays

Domestic violence is a terrible problem that we all must face, not only the people who are victims. We need to stop this before the problem develops into anything bigger than it already is. The battered woman, it has been said, lives in a world of terror and her home is her prison (Berger, 1990, pg. 35). For many hundreds of years people weren't worried about domestic violence. In fact, a popular family journal, the Journal of Marriage and Family, did not include a single article on domestic from 1932 to 1969 (Berger, 1990, pg. 27). Suddenly, more women came out and told of the abuse they had once suffered. Researchers report that 1.8-2.9 million women are battered yearly. Not only do the victims suffer physical pain, but they also have to deal with emotional and psychological pain. The victim may have to face reoccurring nightmares, and may never want to trust another man. Much too frequently, the victim blames themselves. The typical response of an abused/battered woman is, "I provoked him . . . I was being a bad wife, mother, and housekeeper," (Peled, 1995, pg. 141). The very sad part about the violence, beside the physical and emotional stress, is that most likely they know the offender or abuser. So, why, why would a person who is loved, want to abuse their spouse or girlfriend? One of the key responses . . . Jealousy. The husband may become very suspicious, afraid of losing his wife. The abuser sees his wife or girlfriend as a possession. The only way, they think, to relieve this built up anger is aggression. To improve their self-esteem, they abuse the victim physically, emotionally, and sometimes, sexually. Another key factor in wife abuse is alcohol. When the man is stressed, he turns to alcohol to relieve it. Little does he know, that the alcohol makes him more irritable. "He started really drinking excessively and that is when the abuse started. He had been drinking . . . I sat down to read the paper and he wanted his supper . . . he kicked the cat to the ceiling . . . he started slapping my face with both hands," (Berger, 1990, pg. 42). Research shows that men who abuse their wives, often saw their own mother abused. Do to witnessing this, the children of battered families usually grow up to have low self-esteem and believe that hitting is right.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

History of Retail Industry Essay

Department stores were gradually introduced which gave customers a chance to choose between brands and products at one location. From JC Penney founded in 1902, to Piggly Wiggly in 1916 who was the first to offer checkout lines and self service. In 1961, Target was founded with Wal-Mart in 1962 and Kohls right behind them in 1963. It wasn’t long and Best Buy, Kmart, TJ Maxx, Costco, and many more retail stores opened their doors to the industry of shopping. It didn’t take long for the retail industry to take off and attract consumers of all kinds with the convenience of shopping and with it ame an experience as well. From department stores to grocery stores they transformed their ways of selling to gives customers not only the products they want but the atmosphere that was appealing. With Wal-Mart opening its doors in 1962 it made the 1960s the revolution in the world of retail. Today, retail industry is booming, yes with the recession it hurt some of the smaller busine sses but for the most part they have stayed afloat. We did lose some big retail businesses in 2008 such as Linens N Things, Mervyns and Circuit City. With this being said, the retail industry needs to make stakeholders understand the role in the industry to help protect and improve their reputation as well as build the confidence in consumers. Corporate stakeholders have to be more than a moral responsibility to the company. They need to be a part of much more from how much consumers spend to supporting key policy issues and in the end will change the shareholder value. Social, Economic, and Political Setting The retail industry does a lot for the social and economic setting. Wal-Mart alone does a great deal for the communities where their stores are located. Not only do they provide jobs for around 1. 5 million people, they also have competitive pricing to help local economies. Their competitive pricing brings in more than 312 billion dollars. So not only is Wal-Mart a thriving company they believe in a family work culture as well as supporting their local communities. Many retail stores leave a big footprint in their communities and worldwide. They rally around charities and do their part to put a stamp on the map. On the other hand, most in the retail industry try to keep business and politics separate which seems to be the safest position to take. Some retail businesses like Wal-Mart and Coca Cola are open to their affiliation with the Republican Party and seems to help their image with the traditional consumers but most do not want to take a chance of offending their customer base. Domestic and International Ethics Starbucks who opened their doors in 1971 to forty-one year later they have become a global company with more than 19,000 stores in 60 different countries. They have made the Ethicsphere Institute’s World most Ethical Company List for six straight years. They introduced the Ethical Coffee sourcing program in 2001 to help farms in Central and South America improve their crops while remaining environmentally aware. They helped local nurseries plant over 200,000 seedlings to restore natural forest cover as well as decreasing the use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers with farmers. They also helped train farmers to help reduce the use of carbon by replacing more than 200,000 trees. Ecological and Natural Resources The retail industry has regulations made by the Environmental Protection Agency that they have to comply by to meet regulatory obligations as well as helping reduce environmental impacts such as waste management, product selection and construction of new facilities. Retail businesses may have state regulations to comply by as well as Federal regulations. Many in the retail industry are taking great strides to help impact the environment. There are four areas that highly impact the environment. One is the choice of raw materials for clothing has big impacts on the environment. Cotton is known for its rigorous use of water and pesticides and the so called natural dyes that rely on the harvest of millions of insects to reach the â€Å"natural†color. The second is manufacturing. Textile dyeing and finishing mills can be high producers of water pollution and carbon dioxide emissions and by improving their mills to reduce water, energy and chemical use can really reduce the footprint of their global supply chain. The third is transportation which unfortunately manufacturers and retailers are on other ends of the globe which any mode of transportation sends some sort of pollution into the environment. The last impact is consumer care which many consumers may not even be aware of how a few simple steps can help reduce environmental impacts tremendously. One is washing in cold water and air drying if possible. Dry cleaning is another risk to the environment due to the chemical that is used to clean the clothes called perchloroethylene which has been known to cause many health effects with exposure to this in high levels. So it is not just the retail businesses that can help make changes to better our environment it also falls on the shoulders of designers to use fabrics that don’t require dry cleaning and to the consumers that purchase to make choices that help the environment. Clean by Design launched their program in 2009 to help reduce the environmental impacts by using buying power of multinational corporations by improving processes in the environment to reducing emissions and waste. It is astonishing to see by 2011 that Target, Wal-Mart, Gap, Levis, H&M, Nike and Li & Fung are all participating in this program and hopefully they corporations will continue to get in board and the list will continue to grow. Social Issues In today’s lively and unstable business world of retail industry they are always faced with social issues such as customer choices, brutal competitors, complex global economy and the use of the internet. Retailers are constantly trying to find new ways to make their business more profitable and ways to get more shoppers through their doors. Retail industry has caught on to engaging with society and the consumers on a personal level. They are adapting and changing to the environment around them and constantly developing new ways to serve their customers with trust and brand loyalty. Just like Timberland Company did in 2008 by making a â€Å"nutrition label† on their shoe box to show the environmental impact it has from beginning to delivery of the shoe. The company did this in hopes of giving consumers the information they need to make environmentally smart decisions on buying. Not only did Timberland Company do this they also comprised their shoe box that is made up of 100 percent recycled post-consumer waste fiber, no chemical glues and only soy-based inks to print labels. Timberland is just one of many retail stores that take a stand on social issues. Target is another big business in the business industry that comes to mind. From opening its doors in 1988, Target has always tried to be a step above in the industry with the competitive edge logos to their reputation for low prices and offering organic foods in their superstores. They always try to maintain their mission statement which reads, â€Å"to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences by consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less.  ® brand promise†. They not only cater to the consumers they are extremely involved with schools and the communities that surround them. They are partnered with St. Jude which is a huge plus for them and provide disaster relief and are always raising funds for our country’s children. Another company that has taking great strides to make their place in this economy just as their mission statement says to â€Å"Inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. Rating of the industry’s overall social responsiveness I believe the retail industry for the most part is trying to take the right steps to make a difference in the economy and help insure the environment is first priority. Over the years we have seen so many big corporations leave footprints in the global economy as well as making the appropriate changes to better the community and environment we live in. References Retail. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. ceres. org/roadmap-assessment/sector-analyses/retail Wal-Mart. (2012, December 9). History timeline. Retrieved from http://corporate. walmart. com/our-story/heritage/history-timeline https://corporate. target. com/about/history/Target-through-the-years (2012, March). In Starbucks Ethical Coffee Sourcing and Farmer Report. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from http://assets. starbucks. com/assets/6e52b26a7602471dbff32c9e66e685e3. pdf Clean by design. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. nrdc. org/international/cleanbydesign The evolution of retailing. (2009, 12). Retrieved from http://www. kpmg. com/CN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Evolution-retailing-o-200912. pdf Ken, A. (2012, March 31). Wal-mart company.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Sale & Attachment of Property in Execution Decree

Chapter – I Introduction & Research Methodology 1. Introduction: The passing of a decree by a competent court conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit, thus creating substantive rights in favour of the decree-holder. However, lately it has been seen that instead of following the terms and conditions of the decree, judgment-debtors have been placing a number of obstacles in the way of a decree-holder. In fact, such a trend has become so prevalent that it has forced the Supreme Court to opine that ‘the difficulties of a litigant begin when he has obtained a decree’. Conscious of the significance and importance of giving effect to the decree and orders passed by competent courts, the Code of Civil Procedure provides for elaborate rules for the execution of decrees. In an attempt to ensure that a decree-holder is able to realize the benefits out of the decree, the Code of Civil Procedure gives a number of modes for the execution of decrees. One of these modes of execution of decrees is the process of attachment and sale of the properties of the judgment-debtor. Since, a decree holder does not by virtue of the judgment, get a right to the property, he cannot get the right by way of filing a suit but by attachment and sale in execution. While through the process of attachment the court informs the world that the property so ordered to be attached is â€Å"in its view† and â€Å"no existing rights and liabilities should be altered†; through the process of sale of the properties of the judgment-debtor, the Court diverts the money so collected to the decree-holder in satisfaction of his claim. However, by its very nature property may be of different types. Therefore, a judgment-debtor may possess either movable or immovable properties, or both. Thus, keeping in regard the differing characteristics of these two types of properties, the Code of Civil Procedure prescribes different procedures for the attachment and sale of movable and immovable properties. It is the endeavour of this project to examine the process of attachment and sale of movable and immovable property in a money decree and to intellectualize the reasons for the different process for the attachment and sale of movable and immovable property. 2. Research Methodology: The research scheme undertaken by the researcher is comprised of doctrinal study of the books available at the library of the Institute of Law and besides that the researcher has also taken the help of the internet to look into some of the Interpretation of some cases and principle of natural justice and the researcher the also taken in view the various cases which are relevant for the research work. 3. Research Hypothesis: †¢ What are the conditions under which attachment & sale of property becomes necessary, can it be done & how it is done. . Aim of Research: The aim of this project is to find out why sometimes it becomes very much necessary for the attachment of property even after the judgement has been declared & to examine the different ways under Code of Civil Procedure which provide for sale and attachment of property. 5. Scope & Limitation of Research: The scope of this project is limited to the study of the various provisions regarding attachment and sale of property in execution of decrees provided for in the Code of Civil Procedure. Chapter – II Attachment of Property . General: Section 51 (b) empowers the court to order execution of decree by attachment and sale or by sale without attachment of any property. The court is competent to attach the property if it is situated within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the court. [1] It is immaterial that the place of business of the judgement – debtor is outside the jurisdiction of the court. The words attachment and sale in clause (b) of section 51 are to be read disjunctively. Therefore, the attachment of the property is not a condition precedent. Hence, the sale of the property without an attachment is not void or without jurisdiction and does not vitiate the sale. It is merely an irregularity. An order of attachment takes effect from the moment it is brought to the notice of the court. Rule 54 provides for the attachment of immovable property and the procedure for the proclamation of such attachment. The object of Rule 54 is to inform the judgement – debtor about the attachment so that he may not transfer or create encumbrance over the property thereafter. [2] The code enumerates properties to be attached and sold in execution of a decree. 3] Likewise, it also specific properties which are not liable to be attached or sold. [4] It also prescribes the procedure where the same property is attached in execution of decrees by more than one court. [5] The code also declares that a private alienation of property after attachment is void. In Ghanshyam Das v. Anant Kumar,[6] while dealing with the provisions of the Code of Ci vil Procedure relating to the execution of decrees and orders, the Supreme Court had stated that the Civil Procedure Code contains elaborate and exhaustive provisions for dealing with the question of execution of decrees. More specifically, Section 51[8] of the Code of Civil Procedure enumerates in general terms the various modes of execution of a decree, one amongst which is the attachment of the property of the judgment-debtor. Procedure enumerates in general terms the various modes of execution of a decree, one amongst which is the attachment of the property of the judgment-debtor. 2. Object of Attachment: Execution of a decree takes place by attachment of property of judgment-debtor. In fact, the attachment of the judgment-debtor’s property s the preliminary step to the sale of property in execution proceedings and the underlying object of attachment of the property is to give notice to the judgment-debtor not to alienate his property to anyone and also to the general public not to purchase or to deal with the property of the judgment-debtor attached in execution proceedings. 3. Effect of Attachment: Section 64 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes it manifest that attachment has merely the effect of preventing private alienation to the prejudice of claims under attachment. It conveys no title, charge, lien or priority in favour of the attaching creditor. In fact, in Subbarao v. Official Receiver[7] the Andhra Pradesh High Court while dealing with the involuntary sale of the judgment-debtor’s flat under a decree of a court, stated that an order of attachment does not prevent a transfer by operation of law and nor does it create any interest or lien. 4. Property which can be Attached: Section 60 of the Code of Civil Procedure enumerates the properties, which are liable to attachment in execution of a decree. It states that all saleable property (movable or immovable) belonging to the judgment-debtor or over which or the portion of which he has a disposing power which he may exercise for his own benefit may be attached and sold in execution of a decree against him. More specifically, in State of Punjab v. Dina Nath,[8] wherein the right to officiate at funeral ceremonies was held to be not saleable, it was stated by the Supreme Court that Section 60 of the Code of Civil Procedure is not exhaustive and specific non-inclusion of a particular species of property under Section 60 is therefore, not of any consequence if it is ‘saleable’[9] otherwise. However, regard must be had to the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 60, which enumerates certain properties such as necessary wearing apparel, cooking vessels, beddings, tools of artisans, implements of husbandry, houses of agriculturalists, wages, salaries, pensions and gratuities, compulsory deposits, right to future maintenance etc. and declares that the properties specified therein are exempt from attachment and sale in the execution of a decree. . Attachment of Movable Property: The attachable property belonging to the judgment-debtor may be either movable or immovable in nature. Rules 43 to 53 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure lay down the different ways in which the movable property belonging to the judgment debtor is to be attached keeping in regard the nature of the specific movable property sought to be attached. 1. Attachment Of Movable Property (Other Than Agricultural Produce) In Possession Of The Judgment-Debtor: Rule 43 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deals with the mode of attachment of all movable property, other than agricultural produce and property not in the possession of the judgment-debtor, for both of which provision is made in Rules 44 to 46 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Under Order 21, Rule 43, the attachment is legally effected only by actual seizure. Significantly, keeping in view the varied nature of the movable properties that may be attached under this rule the Proviso to Order 21, Rule 43 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that when the property seized is subject to speedy and natural decay, or when the expense of keeping it in custody is likely to exceed its value, the attaching officer may sell it at once. 2. Attachment of Debt, Share & other property not in Possession of Judgement – Debtor: Rule 46 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deals with the mode of attachment of debt, share and other movable property not in the possession of the judgment-debtor. Under Order 21, Rule 46 of the Civil Procedure Code the attachment of debts (other than negotiable instruments), shares in a corporation or other movable property not in the possession of the judgment-debtor is legally effected by a prohibitory order, as contradistinguished from the requirement of actual seizure under Order 21, Rule 43. . Attachment of Negotiable Instrument: Rule 51 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deals with the mode of attachment of negotiable instruments, which are neither deposited in the court nor in the custody of a public officer. Under Order 21, Rule 51 of the Civil Procedure Code the attachment of negotiable instruments, which are neither deposited in the court nor in the custody of a publ ic officer, is legally effected by actual seizure. As regards negotiable instruments it does not matter whether the negotiable instrument is in possession of the judgment-debtor or not. Furthermore, the actual seizure of the negotiable instrument is necessary as there is always a danger that third parties may bona fide become possessed of the negotiable instrument, and if a prohibitory order is held to be a valid attachment, they would be prejudiced by such an order of which they may know nothing. 4. Attachment of Salary or Allowance: Rules 48 and 48-A of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the mode of attachment of salary of the judgment-debtor. Under Order 21, Rules 48 and 48-A of the Civil Procedure Code the attachment of judgment-debtor’s salary or allowance is legally effected by issuing a prohibitory notice to the dispersing officer but if such prohibitory notice is not served to the dispersing officer, the order of attachment will have no effect. Furthermore, the territorial jurisdiction is not considered in this case, and wherever the judgment-debtor is working his salary can be attached. 5. Attachment of Immovable Property: The attachable property belonging to the judgment-debtor may also be immovable in nature. Rule 54 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure lays down the directions as to the mode of attachment of immovable property, which are mandatory in nature and not merely directory. Under Rule 54 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure the attachment of immovable property is legally effected by the issuance of an order by the Court prohibiting the judgment-debtor from transferring or charging the property in any way, and all persons from taking any benefit from such transfer or charge. Such an order is to be proclaimed at some place on or adjacent to such property by beat of drum or other customary mode, and a copy of the order shall be affixed on a conspicuous part of the property and then upon a conspicuous part of the Court-house. Also, where the property to be attached is a land paying revenue to the Government, a copy of the order is to be affixed in the office of the Collector of the District in which the land is situate and, where the property is land situate in a village, also in the office of the Gram Panchayat, if any, having jurisdiction over that village. Chapter – III Sale of Property 3. 1. General: A decree may be executed by attachment and sale or by sale without attachment of any property. Sections 65 to 74 and Rules 64 to 106 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the material provisions relating to sale and delivery of properties. 3. 2. Power of Court: Rule 64 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure states that any Court executing a decree may order that any property attached by it and liable to sale, or such portion thereof as may seem necessary to satisfy the decree, shall be sold, and that the proceeds of such sale, or a sufficient portion thereof, shall be paid to the party entitled under the decree to receive the same. However, it must be noted that in Desh Bandhu v. Anand,[10] wherein the Court, while confronted with the twin issues of sale of properties situated outside the territorial jurisdiction of the Executing Court and the failure of the judgment-debtor to take objection in time, it was opined that: â€Å"The term â€Å"may† in this rule does not confer a discretion on the Court to order or refuse to order a sale; it is obligatory on it to do so when a valid application for such order and a valid attachment has been made. † 3. 3. Sale by Whom Conducted and How Made: Rule No. 65 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that every sale in execution of a decree shall be conducted by an officer of the Court or by such person as the Court may appoint in this behalf, in a public auction. 3. 4. Proclamation of Sale: A proclamation of sale is necessary for providing information to the intending purchasers. Thus, Rule 66 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that the Court shall cause a proclamation of the intended sale to be made in the language of the Court. Such a proclamation is to be drawn up after the notice to the decree-holder and the judgment-debtor. An absence of a notice causes irremediable injury to the judgment-debtor and sale without such a notice will be a nullity. 3. 4. 1. Purpose of a Proclamation: It has been stated that a proclamation of sale is meant for the information of intending purchasers and not of the judgment-debtor. However, in Narayanappa v. Akkulappa,[11] it was stated that the purpose of issuing a proclamation is two-fold: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   it protects the interests of the intending purchasers by giving them all material information regarding the property to be sold; and (b)  Ã‚   it protects the interests of the judgment-debtor by facilitating the fetching of proper market price for his property and by preventing it being knocked down at public auction for a price much below the market price. 3. 4. 2. Contents of the Proclamation: Rule 66 (2) of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that the proclamation, which is to be drawn up shall state the time and place of sale, and specify as accurately as possible, the following particulars – (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   the property to be sold, or, where a part of the property would be sufficient to satisfy the decree, such part; (b)  Ã‚   the revenue assessed upon the estate or part of the estate, where the property to be sold is an interest in an estate or in part of an estate paying revenue to the Government; (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   any encumbrance to which the property is liable; (d)  Ã‚   the amount for the recovery of which the sale is ordered; and (e)  Ã‚  Ã‚   every other thing which the Court considers material for a purchaser to know in order to judge of the nature and value of the property. 3. 4. 3. Mode of making Proclamation: In order to protect the judgment-debtors and for the purpose of ensuring that the properties of such persons shall not be put to s ale unless due publicity is given to the fact that a sale is to be held and a proper opportunity is afforded to bidders to attend the sale after notice is given’ Rule 67 of Order 21 has been incorporated in the Code of Civil Procedure. Rule 67 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that every proclamation shall be made and published in the manner prescribed by Order 21, Rule 54 (2) for attachment for immovable property, i. e. , a copy of it shall be affixed on a conspicuous part of the property, and then of the Court house, and in the Collector’s office, in the case of revenue paying land. Also, if the Court so directs, it shall also be published in local Official Gazette, or in a local newspaper, or in both. 3. 5. Time for Sale: Rule 68 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that there shall be an interval of fifteen days in the case of immovable property and seven days in the case of movable property between the date of sale and the date of affixing the copy of the proclamation in the Court-house. However, it should be noted that the seven days rule does not apply to a sale of movables subject to speedy and natural decay. 3. 6. Sale of Movable Property: Rules 74 to 81 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provide for specific provisions for the sale of movable properties. 3. 6. 1. Place of Sale of Movable Properties: Sale of all movable properties in execution of a decree should ordinarily be held at some place within the jurisdiction of the court ordering such sale. In the case of Lakshmibai v. Santappa,[12] where certain ornaments were attached in Banaras and the judgment-debtor urged that they should be directed to be sold at Bombay on the ground that they would probably fetch a better price and it was found by the Court that a fair price could be had on the spot, it was held that there was no good and sufficient reason to depart from the usual practice. 3. 6. 2. When Sale Becomes Absolute in Movable Properties: Sub Rule 2 of Rule 77 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that the sale of a movable property becomes absolute as soon as the purchase money is paid to the officer or other person holding the sale and no order of Court is necessary as in the case of the sale of immovable property. 3. 6. 3. Sale of Agricultural Produce: Rule 74 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes special provision for the sale of agricultural produce. It provides that in case of agricultural produce, the sale shall be held on or near the land on which the crop is standing or where the crop has been harvested, at or near the place where the crop is lying. It is also pertinent to note that Sub Rule 2 of Rule 74 of Order 21 states that such a sale can be postponed, if the court feels: (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that the fair price is not offered; and (ii)  Ã‚   the owner thereof applies for such postponement. 3. 6. 4. Sale of Negotiable Instruments and Shares in Corporations: Rule 76 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes special provision for the sale of negotiable instruments and shares in corporations. It provides that in case of negotiable instrument or a share in corporation, the court has power to order sale through a broker instead of by public auction. It is pertinent to note here that this rule is only permissive. A court is not bound to authorize the sale of negotiable instrument or share in a corporation through a broker. 3. 6. 5. Effect of Irregularity on Sale of Movable Property: Rule 78 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure stipulates that even in case of irregularity in publishing or conducting of sale, the sale of moveable property in execution decree cannot be said aside. Thus, the sale does not ipso facto become void for reason of violation of provisions relating to the sale. However, a person sustaining any injury by reasons of irregularity in the sale at the hand of any other person may sue such a person for compensation, or, if such a person is the purchaser, for recovery of the specific property and for compensation in default of such recovery. 3. 7. Sale of Immovable Property: Rules 82 to 96 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure provide for specific provisions relating to the sale of immovable properties. 3. 7. 1. Courts Competent to Order Sale: Rule 82 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure stipulates that except the small cause court, any other court can give the order of sale of immovable property. 3. 7. 2. Postponement of Sale: In order to prevent the sale of the immovable property of the judgment-debtor in cases where the decree can be satisfied by private alienation of such property, Rule 83 of Order 21 has been incorporated into the Code of Civil Procedure. It provides that on an application by the judgment-debtor, the court in its discretion may give the judgment debtor some more time, to try and alienate the property in order to raise the requisite some of money. 3. 7. 3. Deposit and Payment of Price: Rule 84 to 87 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the deposit and payment of price in cases of sale of immovable property. Immediately after the sale of immovable property, the purchaser must deposit 25 percent of purchase money, unless such requirement is dispense with by the court. The purchaser must pay the balance of the purchase-money within fifteen days of sale. In case of a failure on the part of the purchaser to deposit the amount, the advance may be forfeited and fresh sale ordered, after the issuance of a fresh notification. Explaining the ambit and the scope of the provisions of Rules 84 to 86 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the Supreme Court in the case of Manilal Mohanlal v. Sayed Ahmed,[13] has stated that: â€Å"Having examined the language of the relevant rules and the judicial decisions bearing upon the subject we are of the opinion that the provisions of the rules requiring the deposit of 25 per cent of the purchase-money immediately, on the person being declared as a purchaser and the payment of the balance within 15 days of the sale are mandatory and upon non-compliance with these provisions there is no sale at all. The rules do not contemplate that there can be any sale in favour of a purchaser without depositing 25 per cent of the purchase-money in the first instance and the balance within 15 days. When there is no sale within the contemplation of these rules, there can be no question of material irregularity in the conduct of the sale. Non-payment of the price on the part of the defaulting purchaser renders the sale proceedings as a complete nullity. † 3. 7. 4. Setting aside of Sale: Rule 89 to 92 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure deal with the setting aside of sale. They provide that when a property is old in execution of a decree, an application for setting aside sale may be made under these provisions by the persons and on the grounds mentioned therein. 3. 7. 5. Confirmation of Sale: In contrast with the provisions relating to the sale of movable properties, â€Å"no sale of immovable property shall be come absolute until it is confirmed by the Court. † Also, Rule 92 of Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which deals with the procedure for confirmation of sale, provides that where no application to set aside the sale is made under Rules 89, 90 or 91 or where such application is made and is disallowed by the Court, the court shall make an order confirming the sale, and thereupon the sale shall become absolute. Chapter – IV Conclusion It has been said that the difficulties of a litigant â€Å"begin when he has obtained a decree. The execution process, which commences with the filing of an application for execution, aims at the enforcement of a decree by a judicial process. Aware of the fact that a number of obstacles are placed in the way of a decree-holder, who seeks to execute his decree against the property of the judgment-debtor, the Code of Civil Procedure provides for elaborate rules and procedures for the execution of decrees. In an attempt to enable the decree-holder to realize the fruits of the decree passed by the competent court in his favour, the Code of Civil Procedure allows for the attachment and sale of the properties of judgment-debtor as one amongst the various modes of executing a decree. However, the nature of the properties of judgment-debtor liable for attachment is usually varied. The properties belonging to the judgment-debtor, which are sought to be attached and sold, may be movable or immovable. Since, movable and immovable properties by nature have differing rights; there are different legal regimes governing these two types of properties, and therefore the court has to cater to these different rights and proceedings. Thus, in an attempt to ensure that attachment and sale of the property of the judgment-debtor remains a viable and effective mode of execution of decrees the Code of Civil Procedure has prescribed different procedures for the attachment and ale of movable and immovable properties in execution of money decrees. This is best illustrated in the prescription of actual seizure of the property in cases of attachment of movable property, as in these cases a very real threat exist that the property might escape the jurisdiction of court. Chapter – V Bibliography 1. Basu’s , ‘The Code of Civil Procedure’, Ashok Law House, New Delhi, 10th Edn. , Vol. 2, 2007. 2. Majumdar’s, ‘Commentary on the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908’, Orient Publishing Company, 6th Edn. , Vol. 1, 2010. 3. Justice Nandi & Gupta Sen, ‘The Code of Civil Procedure’, Kamal Law House, Kolkata, Vol. 1, 2009. 4. Rao’s V. J. ‘The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908’, ALT Publication’s, 5th Edn. , Vol. 1, 2008. 5. Jain, M. P. , â€Å"The Code of Civil Procedure†,2nd Edn. , Lexis Nexis ButterWorths Wadhwa,Nagpur. 2008. 6. Prasa, B. M. , & Sarvaria, S. k. , â€Å"Mulla The Code Of Civil Procedure†,14th Edn. , Lexis Nexis ButterWorths Wadhwa,Nagpur, 2011. ———————– [1] Raoof v. Lakshmipathi, AIR 1969 Mad 268. [2] Desh Bandhu v. N. L. Anand, (1994) 1 SCC 131. [3] S. 60(1). [4] Proviso to S. 60(1). [5] S. 63. [6] AIR 1991 SC 225 1. [7] AIR 1965 A. P. 52 [8] (1984) 1 SCC 137 [9] ‘Saleable’ means saleable by auction under the orders of a Court [10] (1994) 1 SCC 131 [11] AIR 1965 A. P. 215 [12] AIR 1964 Bom 342 [13] AIR 1954 SC 349

Thursday, November 7, 2019

A Definition and Overview of Systemic Racism

A Definition and Overview of Systemic Racism Systemic racism is both a theoretical concept and a reality. As a theory, it is premised on the research-supported claim that the United States was founded as a racist society, that racism is thus embedded in all social institutions, structures, and social relations within our society.  Rooted in a racist foundation, systemic racism today is composed of intersecting, overlapping, and codependent racist institutions, policies, practices, ideas, and behaviors that give an unjust amount of resources, rights, and power to white people while denying them to people of color. Definition of  Systemic Racism Developed by sociologist Joe Feagin, systemic racism is a popular way of explaining, within the social sciences and humanities, the significance of race and racism  both historically and in todays world.  Feagin describes the concept and the realities attached to it in his well-researched and readable book,  Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, Future Reparations. In it, Feagin uses historical evidence and demographic statistics to create a theory that asserts that the United States was founded in racism since  the Constitution classified black people as the property of whites. Feagin illustrates that the legal recognition of racialized slavery is a cornerstone of a racist social system in which resources and rights were and are unjustly given to white people and unjustly denied to people of color. The theory of systemic racism accounts for individual, institutional, and structural forms of racism. The development of this theory was influenced by other scholars of race, including Frederick Douglass, W.E.B. Du Bois, Oliver Cox, Anna Julia Cooper, Kwame Ture, Frantz Fanon, and Patricia Hill Collins, among others. Feagin defines systemic racism in the introduction to the book: Systemic racism includes the complex array of antiblack practices, the unjustly gained political-economic power of whites, the continuing economic and other resource inequalities along racial lines, and the white racist ideologies and attitudes created to maintain and rationalize white privilege and power. Systemic here means that the core racist realities are manifested in each of society’s major parts [...] each major part of U.S. societythe economy, politics, education, religion, the familyreflects the fundamental reality of systemic racism. While Feagin developed the theory based on the history and reality of anti-black racism in the U.S., it is usefully applied to understanding how racism functions generally, both within the U.S. and around the world. Elaborating on the definition quoted above, Feagin uses historical data in his book to illustrate that systemic racism is primarily composed of seven major elements, which we will review here. The Impoverishment of People of Color and Enrichment of White People Feagin explains that the undeserved impoverishment of people of color (POC), which is the basis of the undeserved enrichment of white people, is one of the core aspects of systemic racism. In the U.S. this includes the role that Black slavery played in creating an unjust wealth for white people, their businesses, and their families. It also includes the way white people exploited labor throughout the European colonies prior to the founding of the United States. These historical practices created a social system that had racist economic inequality built into its foundation and was followed through the years in numerous ways, like the practice of redlining that prevented POC from buying homes that would allow their family wealth to grow while protecting and stewarding the family wealth of white people. Undeserved impoverishment also results from POC being forced into  unfavorable mortgage rates,  being channeled by unequal opportunities for education into low-wage jobs, and being p aid less than white people for doing the same jobs. There is no more telling proof of the undeserved impoverishment of POC and the undeserved enrichment of white people than the massive difference in average wealth of white versus Black and Latino families. Vested Group Interests Among White People Within a racist society, white people enjoy many privileges denied to POC. Among these is the way that vested group interests among powerful whites and â€Å"ordinary whites† allow white people to benefit from a white racial identity  without even identifying it as such. This manifests in support among white people for political candidates who are white, and for laws and political and economic policies that work to reproduce a social system that is racist and has racist outcomes. For example, white people as a majority have historically opposed or eliminated diversity-increasing  programs within education and jobs, and ethnic studies courses that better represent the racial history and reality of the U.S. In cases like these, white people in power and ordinary white people have suggested that programs like these are hostile or examples of reverse racism. In fact, the way white people wield political power in the protection of their interests and at the expense of others, w ithout ever claiming to do so, maintains and reproduces a racist society. Alienating Racist Relations Between White People and POC In the U.S., white people hold most positions of power. A look at the membership of Congress, the leadership of colleges and universities, and the top management of corporations makes this clear. In this context, in which white people hold political, economic, cultural, and social power, the racist views and assumptions that course through U.S. society shape the way those in power interact with POC. This leads to a serious and wells include discrimination against POC and preferential treatment of white students among university professors, more frequent and severe punishment of Black students in K-12 schools, and  racist police practices, among many others. Ultimately,  alienating racist relations make it difficult for people of different races to recognize their commonalities, and to achieve solidarity in fighting broader patterns of inequality that affect the vast majority of people in society, regardless of their race. The Costs and Burdens of Racism are Borne by POC In his book, Feagin points out with historical documentation that the costs and burdens of racism are disproportionately borne by people of color and by black people especially. Having to bear these unjust costs and burdens is a core aspect of systemic racism. These include shorter life spans, limited income and wealth potential, impacted family structure as a result of mass incarceration of Blacks and Latinos, limited access to educational resources and political participation, state-sanctioned killing by police, and the psychological, emotional, and community tolls of living with less, and being seen as â€Å"less than.  POC are also expected by white people to bear the burden of explaining, proving, and fixing racism, though it is, in fact, white people who are primarily responsible for perpetrating and perpetuating it. The Racial Power of White Elites While all white people and even many POC play a part in perpetuating systemic racism, it is important to recognize the powerful role played by white elites in maintaining this system. White elites, often unconsciously, work to perpetuate systemic racism via politics, law, educational institutions, the economy, and via racist representations and underrepresentation of people of color in mass media. This is also known as white supremacy. For this reason, it is important that the public hold white elites accountable for combatting racism and fostering equality. It is equally important that those who hold positions of power within society reflect the racial diversity of the U.S. The Power of Racist Ideas, Assumptions, and World Views Racist ideology- the collection of ideas, assumptions, and worldviews- is a key component of systemic racism and plays a key role in its reproduction. Racist ideology often asserts that whites are superior to people of color for biological or cultural reasons, and manifests in stereotypes, prejudices, and popular myths and beliefs. These typically include positive images of whiteness in contrast to negative images associated with people of color, such as civility versus brutishness, chaste and pure versus hyper-sexualized, and intelligent and driven versus stupid and lazy. Sociologists recognize that ideology informs our actions and interactions with others, so it follows that racist ideology fosters racism throughout all aspects of society. This happens regardless of whether the person acting in racist ways is aware of doing so. Resistance to Racism Finally, Feagin recognizes that resistance to racism is an important feature of systemic racism. Racism has never been passively accepted by those who suffer it, and so systemic racism is always accompanied by acts of resistance that might manifest as protest, political campaigns, legal battles, resisting white authority figures, and speaking back against racist stereotypes, beliefs, and language. The white backlash that typically follows resistance, like countering Black Lives Matter with all lives matter or blue lives matter, does the work of limiting the effects of resistance and maintaining a racist system. Systemic Racism Is All Around Us and Within Us Feagins theory and all of the research he and many other social scientists have conducted over 100 years illustrates that racism is in fact built into the foundation of U.S. society and that it has over time come to infuse all aspects of it. It is present in our laws, our politics, our economy; in our social institutions; and in how we think and act, whether consciously or subconsciously. Its all around us and inside of us, and for this reason, resistance to racism must also be everywhere if we are to combat it.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

All About Zero

All About Zero All About Zero All About Zero By Mark Nichol Zero is the basis of a small set of terms and idiomatic phrases, which are listed and defined below. Zero derives, through French and Italian, from the Latin term zephirum, which in turn stems, as do the other mathematical terms algebra and algorithm, from Arabic: Sifr means â€Å"cipher† (and is the origin of that word as well). Sifr, in turn, comes from Sanskrit. Absolute zero (quantified as 273.15 degrees below zero Celsius) is the temperature at which matter stops moving, while ground zero is the origin point of a phenomenon. (Originally, it referred to the blast site of a thermonuclear explosion.) Zero hour is the time at which something is scheduled to begin. Zero gravity and zero visibility refer to a near, not absolute, absence of the qualities referred to in the phrases, and patient zero is the first person to contract a disease in an outbreak. The colloquial expression â€Å"From zero to hero† denotes a change in state from anonymity or a lack of distinction or popularity to fame, from the sense of zero as meaning â€Å"an undistinguished or worthless person.† (One can also, unfortunately, transition in the other direction as well.) To zero in is to focus on something or to come closer to it; the expression stems from the idea of adjusting a setting on a device or instrument to zero but originally applied to shooting a firearm. To zero out is unrelated- it means either to reset something, such as timer, or to cut off funding or reduce a quantity. Zero tolerance is the concept of absolute adherence to a rule; the phrase has entered mainstream discourse in references to zero tolerance for weapons or illegal drugs in a given area or jurisdiction. A zero-sum game, meanwhile, is a situation in which a defeated competitor or participant loses as much as the victor wins. (The sum of the gains and losses is zero, hence the name.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterRules for Capitalization in Titles50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Argumentative research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argumentative research paper - Essay Example Another negative effect of cyberbullying is that it causes emotional damage to the victims, pushing many of them to commit suicide. The suicide rates among teenagers alone as a result of cyberbullying has increased drastically over the years. This shows how cyberbullying crimes are not confined to the virtual world, but can spread out to reality. Finally, one of the major problems with cyberbullying is that the bullies do not recognize that cyberbullying is wrong, unaware of the seriousness due to a lack of face-to-face interaction. Since people do not recognize the dangers of cyberbullying, many people have become bullies simply because they know they won’t get caught. However, some people believe that cyberworld is just virtual reality, and that cyberbullying does not affect reality. This attitude makes it difficult to put an end to cyberbullying, which can bring crime to the real world. As such, cyberbullying should be treated seriously and be punishable by law. One of the most common forms of cyberbullying is an invasion of privacy, which is more commonly known as identity theft. When bullies on the Internet obtain the social security and credit card numbers of their victims, they use this information to purchase expensive items that the bullies get to enjoy but the victims have to pay for (Stickley 147). As a result of identity theft, the victims not only lose money, but their credit is damaged, making it hard for the victim to make purchases for themselves in the future. Since identity theft is a tough crime to solve, many of the bullies get away with their misdeeds. Invasion of privacy reveals how cyberbullying is not a victimless crime, which is a concept that those who engage in cyberbullying seem unaware of. The damage being done may be accomplished by means of a computer and the Internet, but people in the real world are affected by their actions. There have also been some instances of privacy invasion in which the phone numbers and addresses obtained by these bullies were used to harass, stalk, and harm the victims in the real world (Bocij 76). When this happens, not only is the life of the victim placed in danger, but so are the lives of their friends and family. Cyberbullying that takes place over the Internet is a horrifying experience, the terror of which is intensified due to the anonymity of the bully. Not being able to see the face of one’s enemy, not knowing who is victimizing them, can be nerve-wrecking but there is little fear that something will occur beyond the Internet. However, when this danger seeps into the real world and the cyberbullies have access to their victims outside of the Internet, the horror becomes more pronounced, and the victims risk losing more than just money or their credit score, but their lives. Cyberbullying is also not limited to monetary and potentially physical damage, but to emotional damage as well. As further proof that cyberbullying is indeed a victim-centered crime, the individuals who find themselves on the receiving end of attacks of cyberbullying risk severe emotional distress. When the bullying is taken too far, many victims feel that they cannot handle the abuse, even

Thursday, October 31, 2019

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Essay Example The Europeans would transport manufactured commodities from Europe to Africa. These commodities included guns, metal items, cowrie shells, tobacco and clothes. Guns enhanced the expansion of empires and access of slaves from among Africans. European traders transported slaves to the Americas on ships across the Atlantic Ocean (Rawley and Stephen 35). Besides the initiatives that the Europeans took to get slaves, some Africans were more than willing to help in enslaving their fellow Africans. It was not hard for these Africans to do this because it was not their first time to deal with slaves. Even before the coming of the Europeans, there were Africans who had their own slaves.Also, some Africans had dealt in the slave trade with Islamic Arab merchants in North Africa from as early as 900. African traders would capture slaves, and transport them to seaports that were convenient for European traders (Lovejoy 23). If there were no people eligible for enslavement in their local communit ies, African traders would raid other communities. The Europeans then transported the slaves back to their homeland to work in their plantations. These activities are what made up the stages that made the Trans-Atlantic trade triangular. Notable occurrences marked the middle passage. The middle passage refers to the transport of slaves from Africa to America. It took the Europeans up to three months to get the slaves to the Americas. Slaves experienced many challenges all the way through the middle passage.... Besides the initiatives that the Europeans took to get slaves, some Africans were more than willing to help in enslaving their fellow Africans. It was not hard for these Africans to do this because it was not their first time to deal with slaves. Even before the coming of the Europeans, there were Africans who had their own slaves. Also, some Africans had dealt in the slave trade with Islamic Arab merchants in North Africa from as early as 900. African traders would capture slaves, and transport them to seaports that were convenient for European traders (Lovejoy 23). If there were no people eligible for enslavement in their local communities, African traders would raid other communities. The Europeans then transported the slaves back to their homeland to work in their plantations. These activities are what made up the stages that made the Trans-Atlantic trade triangular. Notable occurrences marked the middle passage. The middle passage refers to the transport of slaves from Africa to America. It took the Europeans up to three months to get the slaves to the Americas. Slaves experienced many challenges all the way through the middle passage. These challenges started with the slave ships carrying more slaves than their capacity could allow. Slaves were, therefore, congested in ships and had no choice but to live through immense fatigue and risk of contagious diseases. Many succumbed to diseases such as small pox and dysentery, and some captains would throw sick slaves into the ocean. Slaves endured the solar heat and the heat that came from their congestion. They put up with whipping, torture and abuse by the shipping crew. At some point, the slaves joined in resisting and revolting against mistreatment

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Ancient Japan Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ancient Japan Reform - Essay Example However, the reforms had a far more reaching effect apart from strengthening the imperial family. They also created a good system. Although some people argue that these changes were ineffective, I think they rather led to the creation of a more efficient and refined system. As such, I will support this argument/stand from facts drawn from class reading and other sources. Ritsuryo is basically a historical system in japan founded on Chinese legalism and Confucianism philosophies (de Bary 22). RitsuryÃ… -sei is a term often used to refer to the system (political) in accordance to the Ritsuryo. Another significant term often used in this period or analysis is the kyaku, whuch refers to the Ritsuryo amendments whereas enactments were termed as shiki. Most of Japan’s reforms commenced during thhe Asuka period and extended into the nara period. The capital of japan was moved to Asuka in this period (538-710). Asuka was located on plains and it bordered nara. This period is mostly known and remembered for its vital social, political and artistic transformations. These transformations had their roots in the kofun era. The Yamato nation changed considerably during this era, adopting social and political systems from china. Their primary goal was to make the imperial family stronger and legitimate. Shotoku Taishi in 603 implemented a Confucian organization made up of 12 court ranks. Subsequently, he established the seventeen article constitution in 604, which explicitly highlighted the rights and duties of government ministers, people and the ruler. Taika reform preceded these transformations. The Taika reform took place between 645 to 649 and led to the creation of the Ritsuryo. The Ritsuryo was an organization and system comprised of fiscal, administrative and social institutions in japan commencing from the 7th to 10th century. During the Asuka era, Daoism and Buddhism were introduced into japan. Consequently, these religions eventually were syncretized with the